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Fanconi syndrome: Symptoms of Fanconi syndrome typically include increased urination (diuresis), excessive thirst, dehydration, constipation, anorexia nervosa, and vomiting. Patients usually have high levels of sugar, phosphate (hypophosphatemia), calcium, uric acid, amino acids, and protein in the urine. High levels of chloride and low levels of phosphate and calcium in the blood are also common. As a result of these electrolyte imbalances, patients may develop bone disease. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Common symptoms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) include fatigue, nausea, headache, foamy urine, weight gain, and poor appetite. Patients with FSGS typically develop nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by fluid retention that causes swelling (edema), foamy urine (caused by high levels of protein in the urine, also called proteinuria), abnormally low levels of albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia), and high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia). Edema generally develops over a few weeks, but initial symptoms may appear suddenly in some patients, with weight gain of 15 to 20 or more pounds. High blood pressure is common among most patients. It is especially common among African American men with kidney insufficiency because this population is genetically predisposed to develop high blood pressure. Fluid in the lung cavity (pleural effusions) and fluid in the abdomen (ascites) may occur. In rare cases, fluid may build up in the sac that surrounds the heart, a condition called pericardial effusions. Glomerulonephritis: In general, symptoms of glomerulonephritis may include dark colored urine, foamy urine (from excess protein in the urine), high blood pressure, fluid retention that causes swelling (edema), fatigue, and less frequent urination. Kidney cancer: Most patients with kidney cancer do not experience any symptoms during the early stages of the disease. In the later stages, the most common symptom is blood in the urine (called hematuria). Other symptoms may include back pain (just below the ribs), weight loss, fatigue, and occasional fever. Kidney stones: If the kidney stone is small, patients do not experience any symptoms of the condition. The stone may pass in the urine without any pain. However, if the stone is large enough to block the tubes inside the kidney, patients may experience intense pains that come and go. Pain may last anywhere from five to 15 minutes at a time. The pain usually begins in the lower back. As the stone moves from the kidney toward the bladder, the patients may feel pain near the abdomen, groin, or genitals. Additional symptoms may include blood in the urine, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, nausea, vomiting, and constant urge to urinate. In some patients, the kidney stone may cause an infection. Symptoms of an infection include fever and chills. Nephrotoxicity: Symptoms include increased urination, dark urine, blood in the urine, and frequent urge to urinate.
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