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- Anal fissure: An anal fissure is a cleft in the anus or in the skin around the anus where infection may occur. This is commonly associated with painful bowel movements.
- Fistulas: Ulcers may extend through the intestinal wall, creating a fistula (an abnormal opening). If an internal fistula develops, food may not reach the area of the intestine involved in absorption. External fistulas may result in continuous bowel drainage onto the skin. Fistulas may also become infected, a condition that can be life threatening, if left untreated.
- Malnutrition: Diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping may make it difficult to eat. The body may not be able to consume a sufficient amount of nutrients.
- Obstruction: Individual's who have Crohn's disease may experience blockage in the intestine. Food contents may become lodged in areas of the intestine that are inflamed. Some cases may require surgery to remove the diseased portion of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Toxic megacolon: Toxic megacolon is a rare, but potentially life–threatening complication of severe IBD. Toxic megacolon is characterized by a dilated colon (megacolon), abdominal distension (bloating), and occasionally fever, abdominal pain or shock. In severe cases, the condition may cause the colon to become paralyzed. Toxic megacolon prevents the individual from having bowel movements. If the condition is not treated, the colon may rupture, resulting in peritonitis, a life–threatening condition that requires emergency surgery.
- Ulcers: Ulcers (open sores) may develop anywhere there is chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth or anus.
- Other: Many individuals who have had long–standing Crohn's disease may develop osteoporosis (weak, brittle bones). Researchers speculate that this may be related to low levels of vitamin K, which is involved in binding calcium to bone.
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