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General: HBV is transmitted via bodily fluids. Individuals become infected once an infected person's bodily fluids, including, blood, semen, vaginal secretions or saliva enter their body. Sharing toothbrushes or nail clippers, for instance, can increase the chance of acquiring the infection. HBV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging or shaking hands. Also, the virus is not spread through sweat or tears. Individuals who are 18 years and younger, and adults who have an increased risk of developing HBV should be vaccinated. Sexual transmission: Individuals who engage in unprotected sex, including vaginal anal or oral sex, with an infected partner may acquire hepatitis B. The infection may also be transmitted if sexual devices are shared and not sterilized or covered with a condom. Needle sharing: HBV can be transmitted through needles and syringes that are contaminated with infected blood. Therefore, individuals who share intravenous (IV) drug paraphernalia have an increased risk of developing the infection. Accidental needle sticks: Healthcare workers and anyone who comes into contact with human blood is at risk of acquiring HBV. Pregnancy: Pregnant women who are infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies. When the virus is transmitted from mother to fetus, it is called vertical transmission. Therefore, it is recommended that newborn babies of HBV positive mothers receive hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), as well as the hepatitis vaccine, which includes a series of three injections. The vaccine will greatly reduce the baby's risk of acquiring the virus.
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