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- The precise cause of breast cancer is unknown. Most cases of breast cancer occur in women who are not classified as high risk. More research must be done in order to uncover other possible causes.
- Genetics: In most cases, it isn't clear what triggers abnormal cell growth in breast tissue, but it is estimated that between 5 and 10% of breast cancers are inherited. Having a mother and/or a sister with the disease increases the risk. About a quarter of breast cancer cases occur in women who have the disease in the family. Defects in one of two genes, breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) or breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), put an individual at a greater risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer. Inherited mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutation gene, the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK-2) gene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene also make it more likely that an individual will develop breast cancer.
- Genetic mutations may result from radiation exposure. Women treated with chest radiation therapy in childhood, for instance, have a significantly higher incidence of breast cancer than women not exposed to radiation. Mutations may also develop as a result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in tobacco and charred red meats.
- Estrogen: The female hormone estrogen is linked to breast cancer. The role of estrogen and its relation to breast cancer is not yet completely understood. If the individual has never given birth, they are at greater risk for breast cancer because of more exposure to estrogen than women who have had a baby. This is because the body produces less estrogen when one is pregnant. Taking estrogen after menopause (hormone replacement therapy: HRT) also increases the risk. It is important to remember that taking estrogen after menopause also increases the long-term risk of heart disease, uterine cancer, and stroke.
- Diet: Some studies suggest that a diet high in animal fat and protein may cause breast cancer, although the results of these studies are not definite.
- Others: Other research has focused on certain preservatives (parabens) that are used in deodorants and antiperspirants, as well as many cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical products. A study did not show any increased risk for breast cancer in women who reported using an underarm antiperspirant or deodorant. Some chemicals in the environment may mimic estrogen in the body which that may lead to breast cancer.
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