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- General: Indicators of AIN include a recent history of infection or the start of a new medication. Several diagnostic tests may indicate AIN, but the only definitive diagnostic test for AIN is a kidney biopsy.
- Kidney biopsy: A kidney biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test for AIN. The test can detect abnormal or diseased tissue. During the procedure, a needle is inserted into the kidney, and a small tissue sample is removed. The tissue is then analyzed in a laboratory. A positive test for AIN will reveal inflammation of the renal interstitium. Patients who test positive AIN will have plasma cell and lymphocytic infiltrates in the peritubular (around tubules) areas of the interstitium, usually with interstitial edema (fluid retention). The test can also help a healthcare provider determine the extent of the renal damage.
- A kidney biopsy is not needed in all patients. If an AIN diagnosis is likely and the patient can safely stop taking the offending drug, supportive management can proceed safely without a biopsy.
- Urinalysis (analysis of the urine): A urinalysis will often show eosinophils, which are specialized white blood cells that are present during allergic reactions.
- Blood test: A positive blood test for AIN usually reveals eosinophils
- Gallium scan: A gallium scan, which is a nuclear medicine imaging method, can be used to help diagnose AIN. During the procedure, a qualified radiologist injects gallium–67 into the patient's bloodstream, which will accumulate in areas that are infected and can be viewed with a special camera.
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