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- Hormonal activity, such as menstrual cycles and puberty.
- Stress.
- Overproduction of sebum (oil).
- Accumulation of dead skin cells.
- Buildup of bacteria in the pores.
- Skin irritation or scratching of any sort will activate inflammation. Friction or pressure on the skin caused by items such as telephones or cell phones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks.
- Certain medications including anabolic steroids (sometimes used illegally by athletes to "bulk up"), some anti-seizure medications, the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and rifampin, lithium and iodine-containing medications.
- Exposure to high levels of chlorine compounds, particularly chlorinated dioxins, may cause severe, long-lasting acne, known as chloracne.
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